Tetracyclines and chloramphenicol are broad-spectrum antibiotics that act by inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis. Because they act on bacterial ribosomes (which differ from human ribosomes), they can selectively stop bacterial growth…
This group includes several important antibiotic classes used to treat a wide range of infections. Macrolides and aminoglycosides mainly work by blocking bacterial protein production, while polyene and polypeptide antibiotics…
Quinolines and fluoroquinolones are antibacterial drugs that work by blocking bacterial DNA replication. They are widely used for urinary infections, respiratory infections, gastrointestinal infections, and other systemic bacterial diseases. Fluoroquinolones…
Fungal infections range from mild skin infections to serious systemic diseases, especially in patients with weak immunity. Antifungal antibiotics are medicines used to treat these infections. They act by damaging…
Viruses are tiny infectious agents that depend completely on human cells for survival and multiplication. Because they use our own cell machinery, developing safe antiviral drugs is more challenging than…
Tuberculosis (TB) and leprosy are chronic infectious diseases caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium leprae respectively. These organisms grow slowly and survive inside body cells, making treatment long and multi-drug…
Malaria is a mosquito-borne disease caused by Plasmodium species, mainly P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. malariae, P. ovale, and P. knowlesi. Because malaria parasites live inside human red blood cells…