22. GENE STRUCTURE
A gene is a specific segment of DNA that carries instructions for making a particular protein or functional RNA. Understanding gene structure is essential for learning how traits are inherited,…
23. GENE EXPRESSION
Gene expression is the process through which the information in DNA is converted into a functional product, usually a protein. Not all genes are active at the same time. Depending…
24. TRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS
Transcription is the first major step in gene expression. It is the process where the DNA sequence of a gene is copied into messenger RNA (mRNA). This mRNA later guides…
25. RNA PROCESSING, PROTEIN SYNTHESIS, AND GENE REGULATION
DNA carries the instructions for life, but it cannot leave the nucleus. RNA acts as the messenger that carries these instructions to the cytoplasm, where proteins are made. Before RNA…