4. CITRIC ACID CYCLE (TCA cycle)
The citric acid cycle, also known as the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle or Krebs cycle, is a cyclic series of enzymatic reactions converting acetyl-CoA into carbon dioxide and chemical energy…
3. GLYCOLYSIS
Glycolysis is a key metabolic pathway involving the enzymatic degradation of one molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate or lactate. This catabolic process produces energy either aerobically (in…
2. ENZYMES
Definition and Biological Significance Enzymes are biocatalysts produced by living cells, predominantly proteins that accelerate chemical reactions within biological systems with remarkable specificity and efficiency. Some RNA molecules called ribozymes…
1. INTRODUCTION TO BIOCHEMISTRY
Introduction to Biochemistry Cell and Its Biochemical Organization The cell is the universal functional unit of life, divided into two main types: prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Prokaryotes are simple, single-cell organisms…
47. ELECTROLYTES
Introduction Electrolytes play a vital role in maintaining the body’s internal environment. They control water distribution, osmotic balance, acid–base equilibrium, and neuromuscular activity. Accurate assessment of electrolytes in body fluids…
46. IMMUNOCHEMICAL TECHNIQUES
Introduction All vertebrates possess an advanced immune system, with mammals having the most complex and highly specialized form. The immune system provides protection against infections and foreign substances through coordinated…
45. LIPID PROFILE TESTS
Introduction Lipid Profile Tests are a group of blood tests that help evaluate the levels of various lipids (fats) in the bloodstream. These include cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL (High-Density Lipoprotein), and…