22. HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA
Introduction: Hyperbilirubinemia refers to an abnormally high level of bilirubin in the blood. Bilirubin is a yellow pigment that forms as a result of the breakdown of red blood cells…
23. PORPHYRIAS
Introduction: Porphyrias are a group of inherited or acquired metabolic disorders caused by defects in the enzymes involved in heme (porphyrin) biosynthesis. These enzyme deficiencies lead to the accumulation and…
24. JAUNDICE
Introduction: Jaundice (from the French word Jaune, meaning yellow) is a clinical condition marked by the yellow discoloration of the skin and the white part of the eyes (sclera). It…
25. METABOLIC DISORDERS OF AMINO ACIDS
Introduction Amino acids are the fundamental building blocks of proteins. Out of the twenty amino acids, nine are essential — meaning they cannot be produced by the human body and…
26. METABOLISM OF PURINE NUCLEOTIDES
Introduction: Purine nucleotides play an essential role in cell growth, division, and the synthesis of DNA and RNA. Deoxyribonucleotides are used for DNA synthesis, while ribonucleotides are used for RNA…
27. METABOLISM OF PYRIMIDINE NUCLEOTIDES
Introduction: Pyrimidine nucleotides are essential components of nucleic acids like DNA and RNA. The major pyrimidine nucleotides include: Unlike purine nucleotide synthesis, in pyrimidine nucleotide metabolism the six-membered pyrimidine ring…
28. PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
Introduction: Protein synthesis is one of the most vital biological processes, where cells produce new proteins based on the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). This process is known…