8. COHORT STUDIES
Cohort studies are one of the most important study designs in epidemiology and pharmacoepidemiology. They follow groups of individuals over time to evaluate the association between exposure—such as drug use—and…
6. CASE SERIES AND SURVEY OF DRUG USE
Case series and surveys of drug use are essential descriptive tools in pharmacoepidemiology. They help identify patterns of medication utilization, detect early signals of adverse drug reactions, and understand how…
7. CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES
Cross-sectional studies are among the most widely used research designs in epidemiology and pharmacoepidemiology. They provide a snapshot of health, disease, or drug-use patterns in a population at a single…
5. CASE REPORTS
Case reports are one of the earliest and simplest study designs used in clinical research and pharmacoepidemiology. They provide detailed descriptions of unusual clinical events, rare adverse drug reactions, or…
4. DRUG UTILIZATION REVIEW (DUR)
Drug Utilization Review (DUR) is an important component of pharmacoepidemiology and clinical pharmacy practice. It is a structured, ongoing, and systematic process of evaluating the use of medicines to ensure…
3. CONCEPT OF RISK IN PHARMACOEPIDEMIOLOGY
Risk is a fundamental concept in pharmacoepidemiology. It represents the probability that an individual exposed to a drug or a risk factor will develop a particular outcome. Understanding risk helps…
2. MEASUREMENT OF OUTCOMES IN PHARMACOEPIDEMIOLOGY
Measuring outcomes is a central component of pharmacoepidemiology. It allows researchers and healthcare professionals to quantify the effects of drug therapy in populations and determine whether medical interventions achieve the…