8. COHORT STUDIES
Cohort studies are one of the most important study designs in epidemiology and pharmacoepidemiology. They follow groups of individuals over time to evaluate the association between exposure—such as drug use—and…
9. CASE-CONTROL STUDIES
Case-Control Studies Case-control studies are essential analytical epidemiological designs widely used in pharmacoepidemiology and public health research. They are particularly valuable for studying rare diseases, rare adverse drug reactions, and…
10. META-ANALYSIS
Meta-Analysis Meta-analysis is one of the most powerful tools in evidence-based medicine and pharmacoepidemiology. It involves statistically combining results from multiple independent studies to generate a single, more precise estimate…
11. SPONTANEOUS REPORTING
Spontaneous Reporting Spontaneous reporting is one of the most important components of modern pharmacovigilance and pharmacoepidemiology. It is a passive surveillance system in which healthcare professionals, patients, and pharmaceutical companies…
12. PRESCRIPTION EVENT MONITORING
Prescription Event Monitoring (PEM) Prescription Event Monitoring (PEM) is an important post-marketing surveillance method used to evaluate the safety of new medicines under real-world conditions. Unlike clinical trials, which involve…
13. RECORD LINKAGE SYSTEM
Record Linkage System The Record Linkage System is an essential tool in pharmacoepidemiology that allows researchers to combine information from multiple healthcare databases to study the effects of drugs in…
14. AD HOC DATA SOURCES
Ad Hoc Data Sources Ad hoc data sources are special data collection mechanisms created for a specific research question, safety concern, or drug-related problem. Unlike routine or automated systems, these…