CNS stimulants and cognition enhancers are two classes of drugs that exert their effects on the central nervous system (CNS) to improve alertness, attention, and cognitive function. While they are often used for different purposes, both types of drugs have gained attention for their potential to enhance mental performance. In this article, we will explore the pharmacology of CNS stimulants and cognition enhancers, their effects on the brain, their uses, and considerations for their safe and responsible use.