Introduction Pharmacology is a key subject in pharmacy and medical sciences. It explains how drugs act on the body and how the body handles drugs. Understanding pharmacology helps healthcare professionals…
Introduction Routes of drug administration are the pathways through which a drug enters the body. The selection of a suitable route depends on the drug’s properties (like solubility and stability),…
Introduction Pharmacokinetics deals with what the body does to a drug after it is administered. It includes the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME). These steps determine the…
Introduction Pharmacodynamics explains “what the drug does to the body.” It covers the mechanism of drug action, interaction with receptors and the physiological or biochemical changes that occur in the…
Introduction Different patients respond differently to the same drug and the same dose. This variation occurs because several patient-related and drug-related factors influence drug action. Understanding these factors helps in…
Introduction Before a new drug is approved for use in humans, it must be thoroughly tested for safety. This includes both preclinical studies in animals and clinical trials in humans.…
Introduction Pre-clinical evaluations are the studies carried out on a new drug before it is tested on humans. These studies help determine whether the drug is safe, effective and suitable…