60. SACCHARIN SODIUM

60. SACCHARIN SODIUM

Formula: C7H4NNaO3S

Introduction

Saccharin sodium is the sodium salt of saccharin. It is a popular artificial sweetener widely used in pharmaceuticals, toothpaste, and foods. It provides sweetness without calories, which makes it useful for diabetic patients and calorie-controlled diets.

Preparation

There are two general methods for preparing saccharin sodium:

Method 1

  • Saccharin is dissolved in aqueous sodium hydroxide.
  • This neutralizes the acidic group of saccharin and converts it into saccharin sodium.

Method 2 (Industrial Route)

  1. Toluene reacts with chlorosulfonic acid → forms o-toluene sulfonic acid.
  2. o-Toluene sulfonic acid reacts with ammonia → forms a sulphonamide.
  3. The sulphonamide is oxidized → forms a sulfonic acid.
  4. This compound undergoes hydrolysis and cyclization → forms saccharin.
  5. Saccharin is neutralized using sodium hydroxide → gives saccharin sodium.

Test for Purity

  • Appearance: White, crystalline solid. Freely soluble in water and the solution should remain clear.
  • Acidity/Alkalinity: For 10 ml solution, < 5.5 ml of 0.01 M NaOH should be required.
  • Related Substances: Checked by gas chromatography. The sample chromatogram is compared with a standard reference.
  • Arsenic: Not more than 2 ppm.
  • Heavy Metals: Not more than 20 ppm.
  • Water Content: Not more than 15%.

Assay

The assay is carried out using non-aqueous titration:

  1. Accurately weigh about 0.15 g of sample.
  2. Dissolve it in 50 ml of anhydrous glacial acetic acid (warming slightly if needed).
  3. Titrate using 0.1 M perchloric acid and determine the endpoint potentiometrically.
  4. Perform a blank titration and apply corrections.

Calculation: 1 ml of 0.1 M perchloric acid = 0.02052 g of saccharin sodium.

Uses

  • Widely used as a pharmaceutical aid, especially in oral liquids and chewable tablets.
  • An ingredient in toothpaste to enhance taste.
  • A non-nutritive sweetener used in beverages and diet foods.
  • Helpful for reducing sugar intake in diabetic patients.

Detailed Notes:

For PDF style full-color notes, open the complete study material below:

PATH: PHARMD/PHARMD NOTES/ PHARMD FIRST YEAR NOTES/ ORGANIC CHEMISTRY/ PHARMACEUTICAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY/ SACCHARIN SODIUM.

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