31. MEDICATION ERRORS
Medication errors are one of the most significant preventable causes of patient harm in healthcare. They can occur at any stage of the medication-use process, from prescribing and dispensing to…
29. PHARMACEUTICAL CARE CONCEPTS
Pharmaceutical care is a patient-centered approach in which the pharmacist assumes responsibility for a patient’s drug therapy to achieve positive clinical outcomes. This concept represents a shift from a product-oriented…
30. CRITICAL EVALUATION OF BIOMEDICAL LITERATURE
Critical evaluation of biomedical literature is an essential skill for clinical pharmacists and healthcare professionals. With the rapid growth of scientific publications, the ability to assess the validity, reliability, and…
28. COMMUNICATION SKILLS, INCLUDING PATIENT COUNSELLING TECHNIQUES, MEDICATION HISTORY INTERVIEW, PRESENTATION OF CASES
Effective communication is an essential skill for clinical pharmacists. It enables accurate exchange of information, enhances patient understanding, promotes medication adherence, and ensures safe therapeutic outcomes. Communication skills include verbal,…
27. ROLE OF PHARMACIST IN MANAGEMENT OF ADR
Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs) are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Detecting and managing ADRs effectively requires coordinated efforts from the healthcare team, with pharmacists playing a central…
26. REPORTING, EVALUATION, MONITORING, PREVENTING AND MANAGEMENT OF ADVERSE DRUG REACTIONS
Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs) pose a major challenge in healthcare as they can lead to hospitalizations, prolonged treatment, disability, or even death if not identified and managed early. Effective reporting,…
25. ADVERSE DRUG REACTIONS: CLASSIFICATION, MECHANISM, PREDISPOSING FACTORS, CAUSALITY ASSESSMENT
Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs) are unintended and harmful effects that occur when medicines are used at normal doses. Monitoring, identifying, and evaluating ADRs is crucial for ensuring patient safety and…
