15. BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF RADIATION
Radiation is a form of energy that travels as waves or high-speed particles. It can be non-ionizing or ionizing. Ionizing radiation is the most harmful because it has enough energy…
16. ENVIRONMENTAL AND NUTRITIONAL DISEASES
This chapter explains how the environment and nutrition affect human health. Environmental factors like air pollution and smoking expose the body to harmful chemicals, while nutritional imbalance leads to diseases…
17. PARKINSONISM
Parkinsonism is a clinical syndrome defined by bradykinesia (slowness of movement) plus at least one of the following: tremor, rigidity or postural instability. All patients with Parkinson’s disease have parkinsonism,…
18. SCHIZOPHRENIA
Schizophrenia is a severe mental disorder that affects thinking, emotions, perception and behaviour. People may hear voices, have false beliefs (delusions) or lose touch with reality. It usually begins in…
19. DEPRESSION AND MANIA
Depression and mania are mood disorders that affect how a person thinks, feels and behaves. Depression leads to persistent sadness and loss of interest, while mania causes abnormally elevated mood…
20. HYPERTENSION
Hypertension, or high blood pressure, is a long-term condition where blood pressure in the arteries remains persistently elevated. Blood pressure is the force of blood pushing against artery walls. It…
21. STROKE
Introduction Stroke is a serious medical condition that happens when the brain does not receive enough blood supply. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), stroke is defined as a…
