22. ANGINA
Introduction Angina pectoris is a major clinical sign of ischemic heart disease (IHD). It occurs when the heart muscle does not get enough blood and oxygen. This usually happens when…
23. CONGESTIVE CARDIAC FAILURE
Introduction Congestive Cardiac Failure (CCF), commonly called heart failure, occurs when the heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet the body’s needs. The failure may occur in the…
24. ATHEROSCLEROSIS
Introduction Arteriosclerosis refers to the thickening and stiffening of the arteries, which reduces blood flow to organs and tissues. When plaque made of fat, cholesterol and cellular waste accumulates inside…
25. MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION
Introduction Myocardial Infarction (MI), commonly known as a heart attack, occurs when the blood and oxygen supply to a part of the heart muscle is suddenly reduced or completely blocked.…
26. DIABETES MELLITUS
Introduction According to WHO, Diabetes Mellitus is a group of metabolic disorders characterized by long-term high blood sugar (chronic hyperglycemia) along with disturbances in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins and…
27. PEPTIC ULCER DISEASE
Introduction Peptic ulcers are open sores that develop in the inner lining of the stomach, duodenum (first part of small intestine) or the lower part of esophagus. These ulcers occur…
28. INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE
Introduction Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) is a long-term inflammatory condition of the gastrointestinal tract. It happens because of an abnormal and uncontrolled immune response to the normal bacteria (microflora) present…