8. THEORY OF INDICATORS
Introduction An indicator is a substance that exhibits a distinct color change at a particular stage of a chemical reaction, usually during a titration. Indicators are most commonly used in…
9. GRAVIMETRY
Introduction to Gravimetry Gravimetric analysis is a classical quantitative analytical method based on the measurement of mass. It involves converting an analyte (element, ion, or radical) into a pure, stable…
10. LIMIT TESTS
Introduction to Limit Tests Limit Tests are semi-quantitative or quantitative tests designed to identify and control very small amounts of impurities present in pharmaceutical substances. These impurities, though minute, can…
11. MEDICINAL GASES
Introduction to Medicinal Gases Medicinal Gases are gaseous preparations intended for use in diagnosis, anesthesia, and treatment during medical emergencies. These gases play a vital role in sustaining life, managing…
12. ACIDIFIERS
Introduction to Acidifiers Acidifiers are drugs or chemical agents that increase the acidity of body fluids or gastric contents. They are used in the treatment of conditions where acidity levels…
13. ANTACIDS
Introduction to Antacids Antacids are alkaline drugs used to neutralize excess gastric acid in the stomach, providing relief in conditions such as hyperacidity, peptic ulcers, and heartburn. In hyperchlorhydria, excessive…
14. CATHARTICS
Introduction to Cathartics Cathartics are pharmaceutical agents used to relieve constipation and promote bowel evacuation. They are often administered to cleanse the intestinal tract before surgery or diagnostic procedures. Cathartics…