Introduction In nature, microorganisms exist as mixed populations. Soil, water, food, air and even the human body contain many different microbial species living together. To study the role and characteristics…
Introduction Bacteria in nature are found as mixed populations. To study a particular species, it must be isolated and identified. In clinical, industrial and research laboratories, identification of unknown bacteria…
Introduction Measuring the growth of microorganisms is an important part of microbiology. The growth of bacteria can be studied by determining the number of cells, the mass of cells or…
Introduction Sterilization is a critical process in pharmaceutical, medical and microbiology laboratories. It ensures that all forms of microorganisms, including spores, are completely destroyed from instruments, culture media, dressings and…
Introduction Pharmaceutical products that must be completely free from microorganisms are called sterile products. These include injections, IV fluids, ophthalmic solutions, irrigation fluids, dressings, sutures, implants, dialysis solutions, ointments, creams…
Introduction Sterility testing ensures that pharmaceutical preparations meant for parenteral, ophthalmic or implant use are completely free from viable microorganisms. Any contamination in sterile products can cause serious infections. Sterility…
Introduction In the pharmaceutical industry, it is not enough to simply test the final product. It must also be ensured that manufacturing processes consistently produce products of the required quality.…