15. ELECTROPHILIC AND FREE RADICAL ADDITION
Electrophilic and Free Radical Addition Alkenes contain a carbon–carbon double bond, and this double bond works like the “reactive center” of the molecule. Most reactions involving alkenes happen at this…
16. CARBON CARBON DOUBLE BOND AS SUBSTITUENTS
Carbon Carbon Double Bond as Substituents In the earlier chapters, we studied how a carbon–carbon double bond in an alkene acts as a reactive site for addition reactions. But a…
17. THEORY OF RESONANCE
THEORY OF RESONANCE – Introduction Resonance is a concept used when a single structure cannot correctly describe a molecule. If a molecule can be represented by two or more structures…
18. ELECTROPHILIC AROMATIC SUBSTITUTION
Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution (EAS) – Simple Pharm.D Notes Aromatic compounds like benzene contain a ring full of delocalised π-electrons. Because of this, benzene behaves like a “source of electrons,” which…
19. NUCLEOPHILIC ADDITION REACTION
Mechanism of Nucleophilic Addition Reaction Nucleophilic addition is the most common reaction shown by aldehydes and ketones. Aldehydes react faster than ketones because they are less hindered and their carbonyl…
20. MECHANISM OF ALDOL CONDENSATION
MECHANISM OF ALDOL CONDENSATION Aldol condensation is an important reaction in organic chemistry where molecules containing an α-hydrogen (usually aldehydes or ketones) react with each other in the presence of…
21. CLAISEN CONDENSATION
Claisen Condensation Claisen condensation is an important organic reaction where an ester containing an alpha (α) hydrogen reacts with a strong base such as sodium ethoxide (C₂H₅ONa). This results in…