Introduction Pharmacognosy is the branch of pharmaceutical science that deals with natural drugs obtained from plants, animals and minerals. In early days, identification of drugs was done mainly through external…
Introduction Crude drugs are natural substances obtained from plants, animals or minerals in their raw form. They are used directly or after simple processing like drying or size reduction, without…
Introduction Crude drugs are natural substances obtained from plants, animals or minerals. Their quality depends on proper cultivation, collection, processing and storage. Good practices at every stage ensure that the…
Introduction Cultivation of crude drugs involves scientific growing of medicinal plants to produce good-quality raw materials. Proper soil, climate, water, seeds and cultivation methods help ensure high yield and correct…
Introduction Plant cells have an external rigid covering called the cell wall. It protects the cell, gives shape and supports the plant. Inside the cell, non-living structures like vacuoles, reserve…
Introduction Microscopical and powder microscopical studies are important methods used in pharmacognosy for the identification and quality control of crude drugs. These techniques help detect adulteration, understand the structure of…
Introduction Natural pesticides are substances obtained from plants, animals or minerals that help control pests in a safe and eco-friendly way. These pesticides are preferred in organic farming because they…