33. NASAL DECONGESTANTS
Introduction Nasal decongestants are medicines used to relieve a blocked or stuffy nose. Nasal congestion occurs when the blood vessels in the nasal lining become swollen due to inflammation. Decongestants…
32. ANTITUSSIVES
Introduction Antitussives are medicines that suppress the frequency and intensity of coughing without interfering with normal mucus clearance. They are mainly used for dry, irritating and non-productive cough. These drugs…
31. EXPECTORANTS
Introduction Expectorants are medicines that help in removing thick or sticky mucus from the respiratory tract. They work either by increasing the volume of respiratory secretions or by decreasing the…
30. MUCOLYTICS
Introduction Mucolytics are medicines that reduce the thickness and stickiness of sputum (thick mucus) in the respiratory tract. By breaking down mucus bonds, these drugs make the secretions thinner and…
29. BRONCHODILATORS
Introduction Bronchodilators are medicines that relax bronchial smooth muscle and improve airflow. They provide quick relief during an asthma attack and are therefore called reliever or rescue drugs. These drugs…
28. PHARMACOLOGY OF LOCAL ANESTHETICS
Introduction Local anesthetics (LAs) are medicines that block nerve conduction when applied to a specific area. They cause a reversible loss of sensation without affecting consciousness. The order of sensory…
27. CNS STIMULANTS AND COGNITION ENHANCERS
Introduction CNS stimulants and cognition enhancers (nootropics) are drugs that improve alertness, mental activity and in some cases help strengthen memory and learning. Some medicines act by increasing brain circulation…