29. BRONCHODILATORS
Introduction Bronchodilators are medicines that relax bronchial smooth muscle and improve airflow. They provide quick relief during an asthma attack and are therefore called reliever or rescue drugs. These drugs…
30. MUCOLYTICS
Introduction Mucolytics are medicines that reduce the thickness and stickiness of sputum (thick mucus) in the respiratory tract. By breaking down mucus bonds, these drugs make the secretions thinner and…
31. EXPECTORANTS
Introduction Expectorants are medicines that help in removing thick or sticky mucus from the respiratory tract. They work either by increasing the volume of respiratory secretions or by decreasing the…
32. ANTITUSSIVES
Introduction Antitussives are medicines that suppress the frequency and intensity of coughing without interfering with normal mucus clearance. They are mainly used for dry, irritating and non-productive cough. These drugs…
33. NASAL DECONGESTANTS
Introduction Nasal decongestants are medicines used to relieve a blocked or stuffy nose. Nasal congestion occurs when the blood vessels in the nasal lining become swollen due to inflammation. Decongestants…
34. THYROID AND ANTITHYROID DRUGS
Introduction The thyroid gland secretes three major hormones – thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3) and calcitonin. T3 and T4 regulate metabolism, growth and development. Calcitonin helps regulate calcium levels. Low thyroid…
35. INSULIN, INSULIN ANALOGUES AND ORAL HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS
Introduction Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder caused by reduced insulin secretion, reduced insulin action, or both. Insulin is essential for glucose uptake, fat storage and protein synthesis. Lack…