7. INTRODUCTION TO PULMONARY FUNCTION TEST
Pulmonary Function Tests (PFTs) are simple, non-invasive tests that measure how well the lungs are working. They help assess how much air the lungs can hold, how quickly air moves…
6. ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY OF HEART AND ARRHYTHMIAS
The heart works like an electrical pump. Each heartbeat is triggered and controlled by electrical impulses produced inside the heart. Understanding how these impulses are formed, transmitted, and altered helps…
5. HYPERLIPIDEMIA
Introduction Hyperlipidemia means abnormally high levels of fats (lipids) in the blood. These fats mainly include cholesterol and triglycerides. High lipid levels often come from unhealthy lifestyle choices such as…
4. MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION
Myocardial infarction (MI), commonly called a heart attack, happens when blood flow to a part of the heart suddenly stops. Without blood and oxygen, the heart muscle begins to die.…
3. ANGINA PECTORIS
Angina pectoris is a type of chest pain caused when the heart muscle does not get enough blood and oxygen. This usually happens because the blood vessels supplying the heart…
2. CONGESTIVE CARDIAC FAILURE
Congestive cardiac failure (CHF) means the heart cannot pump enough blood to meet the body’s needs. The heart may be weak, stiff, or both. When the heart fails, fluid builds…
1. HYPERTENSION
Hypertension means blood pressure that is too high — usually 140/90 mm Hg or more. High blood pressure makes the heart and blood vessels work harder and can slowly damage…