Introduction to Contraception:
Contraception, also known as birth control, refers to the methods or devices used to prevent pregnancy. These methods work in different ways to ensure that fertilization does not occur.
Mechanisms of Contraception:
- Preventing sperm from reaching the egg: Examples include condoms, diaphragms, cervical caps, and contraceptive sponges.
- Preventing ovulation: Some hormonal methods such as birth control pills, patches, shots, and vaginal rings stop the ovaries from releasing eggs.
- Intrauterine Devices (IUDs): Small devices inserted into the uterus that can remain in place for several years.
- Sterilization: Permanent methods that prevent individuals from being able to conceive or impregnate.
Types of Contraceptive Devices:
There are four main types of contraceptive devices:
- Barrier Contraceptives
- Hormonal Contraceptives
- Intrauterine Contraceptives
- Permanent Contraceptives
1. Barrier Contraceptives:
Barrier contraceptives work by physically preventing sperm from reaching the egg. These methods are often easy to use and have minimal side effects.
Condoms:
Condoms are one of the most popular and accessible barrier methods. They have no contraindications and are the best method for preventing sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and vaginal infections.
Spermicide:
Spermicides act as a chemical barrier by killing or immobilizing sperm. They are less effective when used alone and should be combined with other contraceptive methods for better protection.
Female Condoms:
Made from nitrile rubber, female condoms protect against unwanted pregnancy and STDs. However, they are generally less effective than male condoms.
The Diaphragm:
A flexible silicone dome placed against the cervix before intercourse. It prevents sperm from entering the uterus but does not protect against STDs.
The Vaginal Sponge:
This is a soft, polyurethane foam device containing spermicide. It must be left in place for at least 6 hours after intercourse. It provides protection against pregnancy but not STDs.
2. Hormonal Contraceptives:
Hormonal contraceptives prevent ovulation and alter the uterine lining to reduce the chance of pregnancy. They come in several forms:
The Pill:
Oral contraceptive pills are taken daily under a doctor’s supervision. They regulate hormones and prevent ovulation, though they can have side effects.
Progestogen-Only Mini Pill:
This pill contains only progesterone and is suitable for those sensitive to estrogen. It must be taken at the same time every day for effectiveness.
Morning-After Pill (Emergency Contraceptive Pill):
Also known as the MAP, this pill contains a high dose of hormones and must be taken within 72 hours after unprotected intercourse. It should only be used occasionally.
Contraceptive Patch:
A skin patch that releases hormones similar to those in birth control pills. It is replaced weekly and offers a convenient non-oral alternative.
Vaginal Ring:
A flexible ring made of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer that releases estrogen and progesterone. It can be inserted by the user and remains effective for three weeks.
Contraceptive Injection:
A hormonal injection given by a healthcare professional. It provides long-term protection similar to pills but requires periodic visits for administration.
Contraceptive Implant:
A small, subcutaneous plastic tube implanted under the skin that releases hormones gradually. It is highly effective and lasts for up to three years.
3. Intrauterine Contraceptives:
The Intrauterine Device (IUD) is a small plastic or copper device inserted into the uterus by a gynecologist. It is one of the most effective long-term methods of contraception.
- Hormonal IUD (Mirena): Effective for up to 5 years.
- Copper IUD: T-shaped device effective for up to 10 years.
4. Permanent Contraception:
Permanent contraceptive methods are surgical procedures designed for individuals who no longer wish to have children.
Vasectomy:
A simple surgical procedure for males in which the vas deferens (the tubes that carry sperm) are cut and sealed, preventing sperm from entering the semen.
Tubal Ligation:
A surgical or endoscopic procedure for females that involves cutting or sealing the fallopian tubes to prevent eggs from reaching the uterus.
Detailed Notes:
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