Gonorrhea is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae. It commonly affects the urethra, cervix, throat, and rectum. Without treatment, gonorrhea can lead to serious reproductive complications. Early diagnosis and proper antibiotic therapy are important for preventing transmission and long-term health issues.
Modes of Transmission
- Unprotected vaginal, oral, or anal sex
- Multiple sexual partners
- Mother-to-child transmission during childbirth
Symptoms
Symptoms may vary in men and women, and some patients may remain asymptomatic.
In Men
- Burning sensation during urination
- Yellow or white discharge from the penis
- Pain or swelling in testicles (rare)
In Women
- Increased vaginal discharge
- Burning sensation during urination
- Pelvic pain
- Abnormal vaginal bleeding
Other Sites
- Throat (pharyngeal infection): sore throat
- Rectum: discharge, itching, pain
Diagnosis
- NAAT (Nucleic Acid Amplification Test): most sensitive test
- Urine test: for men
- Swab tests: cervical, vaginal, throat, or rectal samples
Treatment of Gonorrhea
Due to rising antibiotic resistance, treatment guidelines have changed over time.
Recommended Treatment
- Ceftriaxone single-dose intramuscular injection
- Doxycycline may be added if chlamydia co-infection is suspected
Note: Fluoroquinolones are no longer recommended due to resistance.
Complications
In Women
- Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
- Infertility
- Ectopic pregnancy
In Men
- Epididymitis
- Infertility (rare)
Systemic Complications
- Disseminated gonococcal infection (rash, joint pain, fever)
Prevention
- Practice safe sex (use condoms)
- Limit sexual partners
- Get regular STI check-ups
- Treat both partners simultaneously
Patient Counseling
- Complete treatment exactly as prescribed
- Avoid sexual activity until cured
- Get tested for other STIs (HIV, chlamydia)
- Inform recent sexual partners
Detailed Notes:
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