Malaria is a mosquito-borne infectious disease caused by the Plasmodium parasite. It spreads through the bite of an infected female Anopheles mosquito. Malaria is common in tropical and subtropical regions and is a major public health challenge. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment are essential to prevent complications such as severe malaria and death.
Causative Organisms
Malaria is caused by different species of Plasmodium:
- P. falciparum – most severe form; can cause cerebral malaria
- P. vivax – common in India; causes relapses
- P. malariae
- P. ovale
- P. knowlesi (zoonotic infection)
Symptoms
Symptoms appear 10–15 days after the mosquito bite.
- Fever with chills
- Headache
- Muscle pain
- Nausea and vomiting
- Fatigue
- Jaundice (in severe cases)
Diagnosis
- Blood smear microscopy – gold standard
- Rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs)
- Complete blood count (CBC) – may show anemia, low platelets
Types of Malaria
- Uncomplicated malaria – mild symptoms, no organ involvement
- Severe malaria – serious complications such as seizures, kidney failure, low blood pressure
Treatment of Uncomplicated Malaria
1. Plasmodium falciparum (most dangerous)
Use Artemisinin-based Combination Therapy (ACT):
- Artemether–lumefantrine
- Artesunate–mefloquine
- Dihydroartemisinin–piperaquine
2. Plasmodium vivax
- Chloroquine (if sensitive)
- ACT in chloroquine-resistant areas
- Primaquine for 14 days to prevent relapse
Note: Test for G6PD deficiency before starting primaquine.
Treatment of Severe Malaria
Immediate treatment is essential.
- IV Artesunate – preferred drug
- If artesunate unavailable: IV quinine
- Supportive care – fluids, oxygen, antipyretics
- Manage complications such as seizures, hypoglycemia, and anemia
Complications of Malaria
- Cerebral malaria
- Severe anemia
- Hypoglycemia
- Kidney failure
- Acute respiratory distress
- Shock and organ failure
Prevention
- Use mosquito nets
- Eliminate stagnant water
- Wear long-sleeved clothing
- Use mosquito repellents
- Indoor residual spraying
Chemoprophylaxis (For Travelers)
- Mefloquine
- Doxycycline
- Atovaquone–proguanil
Patient Counseling
- Complete antimalarial treatment even if fever subsides
- Take ACT with food for better absorption
- Report warning signs like breathlessness or confusion
- Avoid self-medication
Detailed Notes:
For PDF style full-color notes, open the complete study material below: