Psoriasis is a chronic autoimmune skin disorder where skin cells multiply faster than normal, leading to thick, scaly patches. It is a long-term disease with flare-ups and periods of improvement. Although it is not contagious, psoriasis can significantly affect physical appearance and emotional well-being.
Causes and Risk Factors
- Genetic predisposition
- Immune system dysfunction (T-cell mediated)
- Stress
- Cold climate
- Infections (streptococcal throat infection)
- Skin injuries
- Smoking and alcohol consumption
- Certain medications (lithium, beta-blockers)
Types of Psoriasis
- Plaque psoriasis: Most common form; raised, red patches with silvery scales
- Guttate psoriasis: Small, drop-shaped lesions
- Pustular psoriasis: White blisters with red skin
- Inverse psoriasis: Occurs in skin folds
- Erythrodermic psoriasis: Severe, widespread redness and scaling
Symptoms
- Thick, scaly skin patches
- Dry, cracked skin that may bleed
- Itching or burning sensation
- Silver/white scales over red plaques
- Nail pitting or discoloration
- Joint pain (psoriatic arthritis)
Diagnosis
- Physical examination: Based on appearance of skin lesions
- Skin biopsy: To confirm and rule out other disorders
- Medical history: Family history and triggers
Treatment Options
1. Topical Therapy
- Corticosteroid creams
- Vitamin D analogs (calcipotriol)
- Coal tar preparations
- Topical retinoids
- Moisturizers for dryness
2. Phototherapy
- UVB phototherapy
- PUVA (psoralen + UVA)
3. Systemic Drugs
- Methotrexate
- Cyclosporine
- Acitretin
4. Biological Agents
Used for moderate to severe cases.
- TNF inhibitors – etanercept, infliximab
- IL-17 inhibitors – secukinumab
- IL-23 inhibitors – guselkumab
Complications
- Psoriatic arthritis
- Depression or low self-esteem
- Secondary infections
- Increased cardiovascular risk
Trigger Management
- Avoid smoking and alcohol
- Reduce stress with relaxation techniques
- Keep the skin moisturized
- Prevent injuries and scratches
- Avoid harsh soaps and chemicals
Patient Counseling
- Use prescribed topical medicines regularly
- Do not scratch lesions to avoid worsening
- Moisturize daily
- Stick to phototherapy schedules if recommended
- Report joint pain early (possible psoriatic arthritis)
- Follow a healthy lifestyle to prevent flare-ups
Detailed Notes:
For PDF style full-color notes, open the complete study material below: