Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease in which the immune system attacks the body’s own tissues. It can affect multiple organs such as the skin, joints, kidneys, lungs, heart, and brain. SLE occurs mostly in young women and often presents with periods of flare-ups and remission. Early recognition and proper medication help control inflammation and prevent organ damage.
Causes and Risk Factors
- Genetic predisposition
- Female gender (especially during reproductive years)
- Environmental triggers (sunlight, infections)
- Hormonal influences (estrogen)
- Smoking
- Certain medications (drug-induced lupus)
Common Symptoms of SLE
- Fatigue
- Joint pain and swelling
- Skin rashes
- Fever
- Hair loss
- Sunlight sensitivity
Specific SLE Features
- Butterfly rash on cheeks and nose
- Mouth ulcers
- Kidney problems (lupus nephritis)
- Chest pain due to lung or heart inflammation
- Neurological symptoms—headaches, seizures
Diagnosis
- ANA (Antinuclear antibody test): screening test
- Anti-dsDNA and Anti-Smith antibodies: more specific for SLE
- ESR / CRP: show inflammation
- Urine analysis: checks for kidney involvement
- Kidney biopsy: for lupus nephritis classification
Treatment Goals
- Reduce inflammation
- Prevent organ damage
- Control flare-ups
- Improve daily functioning
Treatment Options
1. NSAIDs
- Ibuprofen
- Naproxen
Used for joint pain and mild inflammation.
2. Corticosteroids
- Prednisolone
Effective for rapid control of inflammation; dose adjusted based on severity.
3. Antimalarials
- Hydroxychloroquine – cornerstone drug for most SLE patients
Helps control skin rashes, joint symptoms, and prevents flare-ups.
4. Immunosuppressants
- Azathioprine
- Methotrexate
- Mycophenolate mofetil
- Cyclophosphamide (for severe organ involvement)
5. Biological Agents
- Belimumab
- Rituximab (in resistant cases)
Complications of SLE
- Kidney failure (lupus nephritis)
- Heart disease
- Lung involvement
- Blood clots
- Anemia and low platelets
- Pregnancy complications
Prevention and Lifestyle Measures
- Avoid excessive sunlight exposure
- Use sunscreen regularly
- Quit smoking
- Practice stress management
- Maintain a balanced diet
- Regular physical activity
Patient Counseling
- Take medications regularly—especially hydroxychloroquine
- Do not stop steroids suddenly
- Attend regular follow-up visits to monitor organ function
- Use sun protection to prevent flare-ups
- Report symptoms like swelling, chest pain, or severe headaches immediately
- Avoid self-medication
Detailed Notes:
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