22. TRANSPORT OF RESPIRATORY GASES
Transport of Respiratory Gases Breathing involves inspiration and expiration, but gas exchange at the respiratory membrane and in tissues is continuous. Diffusion of oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) depends…
21. MECHANISM OF RESPIRATION AND REGULATION OF RESPIRATION
Mechanism of Respiration and Regulation of Respiration Mechanism of Respiration: Cells in the body require oxygen to survive, while carbon dioxide is a by-product of cellular respiration. The respiratory system…
20. ANATOMY OF RESPIRATORY ORGANS AND FUNCTIONS
Anatomy of Respiratory Organs and Functions Introduction: The cells of the body require energy for all metabolic activities, which is primarily derived from chemical reactions that depend on oxygen (O2).…
19. DEFINITIONS OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS
Definitions of Cardiovascular Disorders Hypertension: Definition: Hypertension is defined as a systolic blood pressure greater than 130 mm Hg and a diastolic pressure greater than 90 mm Hg, based on…
18. BLOOD PRESSURE – ITS MAINTENANCE AND REGULATION
Blood Pressure – Its Maintenance and Regulation Introduction Blood pressure is the force that blood exerts on the walls of blood vessels. Systemic arterial blood pressure ensures the essential flow…
17. CARDIAC CYCLE AND HEART SOUNDS
Cardiac Cycle and Heart Sounds Introduction: At rest, the healthy adult heart beats at a rate of 60–80 beats per minute (b.p.m.). During each heartbeat, or cardiac cycle, the heart…
16. ELECTROCARDIOGRAM (ECG)
Electrocardiogram (ECG) Introduction: As action potentials propagate through the heart, they generate electrical currents that can be detected at the surface of the body. ECG Waves In a typical record,…