22. TRANSPORT OF RESPIRATORY GASES
Transport of Respiratory Gases Breathing involves inspiration and expiration, but gas exchange at the respiratory membrane and in tissues is continuous. Diffusion of oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) depends…
23. RESPIRATORY VOLUMES AND CAPACITIES
Respiratory Volumes and Capacities In normal quiet breathing, there are about 15 complete respiratory cycles per minute. The lungs and air passages are never empty, and the portion of the…
24. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF GIT
Anatomy and Physiology of GIT The gastrointestinal (GI) tract, also known as the alimentary canal or gut, is a hollow tube extending from the mouth to the anus. It measures…
25. ANATOMY AND FUNCTIONS OF ACCESSORY GLANDS OF GIT
Anatomy and Functions of Accessory Glands of GIT The gastrointestinal tract has several accessory organs that assist in the breakdown and digestion of ingested food. These include: 1) Teeth Teeth…
26. DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION
Digestion and Absorption Digestion begins in the mouth, where food is chewed by teeth and moved around by the tongue and muscles of the cheeks. It is mixed with saliva…
27. DISORDERS OF GIT
Disorders of GIT A gastrointestinal disorder refers to any condition or disease that occurs within the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Common gastrointestinal disorders include: Celiac Disease Celiac disease is an autoimmune…
28.DEFINITION AND CLASSIFICATION OF NERVOUS SYSTEM
Definition and Classification of Nervous System Introduction to Nervous System The nervous system detects and responds to changes inside and outside the body. Together with the endocrine system, it coordinates…