36. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF URINARY SYSTEM
Anatomy and Physiology of Urinary System Introduction to the Urinary System The Urinary System is responsible for filtering waste products, excess fluids, and toxins from the blood. These waste materials…
37. FORMATION OF URINE
Formation of Urine Introduction: The formation of urine is one of the most vital functions of the kidneys, carried out by nephrons and collecting ducts. It involves three primary physiological…
38. RENIN ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM – JUXTAGLOMERULAR APPARATUS – ACID BASE BALANCE
Renin Angiotensin System – Juxtaglomerular Apparatus – Acid Base Balance Renin Angiotensin System (RAS) The Renin-Angiotensin System (RAS) plays a crucial role in regulating blood pressure, blood volume, and sodium-water…
39. CLEARANCE TESTS AND MICTURITION
Clearance Tests and Micturition Clearance Tests Clearance of a substance may be defined as the volume of blood or plasma that is completely cleared of that substance per minute through…
40. PITUITARY GLAND
Pituitary Gland The pituitary gland (hypophysis) is a small but vital endocrine gland located beneath the brain in the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone. It is connected to the…
41. ADRENAL GLAND
Introduction: The two adrenal (suprarenal) glands are small endocrine glands located on the upper poles of each kidney, enclosed within the renal fascia. Each gland is about 4 cm long…
42. THYROID AND PARATHYROID GLANDS
Structure of Thyroid Gland: The thyroid gland is situated in the neck in front of the larynx and trachea at the level of the 5th, 6th, and 7th cervical and…