12. BIOAVAILABILITY AND BIOEQUIVALENCE
Bioavailability and bioequivalence are two core concepts of biopharmaceutics and regulatory science. They help determine how much of a drug reaches systemic circulation and whether two drug products behave the…
11. NON-COMPARTMENTAL PHARMACOKINETICS
Non-compartmental pharmacokinetics (NCA) is a simple and practical method used to describe how a drug moves through the body without assuming any specific compartment model. Instead of dividing the body…
10. NON-LINEAR PHARMACOKINETICS
Most drugs follow linear pharmacokinetics, where the drug concentration increases in direct proportion to the dose. However, some drugs behave differently and show non-linear pharmacokinetics. In this case, small changes…
9. MULTIPLE DOSAGE REGIMENS
Most medications are not given as a single dose. They are administered repeatedly at fixed intervals to maintain consistent therapeutic levels. This is known as a multiple dosage regimen. Understanding…
8. MULTI-COMPARTMENT MODELS
Some drugs do not distribute instantly throughout the body. Instead, they move into different tissues at different speeds. For such drugs, the one-compartment model is not enough. This is where…
7. ONE-COMPARTMENT OPEN MODEL FOR INTRAVENOUS INFUSION
In an intravenous infusion, a drug is delivered slowly and continuously into the bloodstream at a controlled rate. Unlike IV bolus dosing, where the entire dose enters the body instantly,…
6. ONE-COMPARTMENT OPEN MODEL INTRAVENOUS INJECTION
Introduction The one compartment open model is one of the simplest and most commonly used pharmacokinetic models. It is especially useful for understanding how a drug behaves after it is…