Introduction to Oxidative Phosphorylation: Oxidative phosphorylation refers to the formation of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi), a process directly linked with biological oxidation reactions. Since this ATP synthesis…
Introduction to Electron Transport Chain (ETC): The Electron Transport Chain (ETC), also called the Respiratory Chain, represents the final stage of the oxidation of carbohydrates, fats, and amino acids. These…
Introduction to Biological Oxidation: Biological oxidation refers to the oxidation reactions that occur in living systems to release and utilize energy. These reactions are exergonic, meaning they release energy as…
Introduction Defective metabolism of lipids results in several important health disorders, including atherosclerosis, fatty liver, and hypercholesterolemia. These conditions arise due to disturbances in lipid synthesis, transport, or degradation, often…
Introduction: Cholesterol is a vital lipid molecule essential for cell membrane structure, steroid hormone synthesis, and bile acid formation. The human body synthesizes about 1 gram of cholesterol per day,…
Introduction: When dietary carbohydrates and amino acids are consumed in excess, the body converts them into fatty acids and stores them as triacylglycerols. The de novo synthesis of fatty acids…
Introduction to ketogenesis and ketolysis: Ketone bodies are important alternative energy fuels synthesized in the liver during periods of low carbohydrate availability. They include: Among these, acetoacetic acid is the…