20. ANTIANGINAL AGENTS AND VASODILATORS
Antianginal agents are medicines used to relieve and prevent angina pectoris — a type of chest pain caused by reduced blood supply to the heart. Vasodilators are a major class…
21. ANTIARRHYTHMIC AGENTS
Cardiac arrhythmias are disturbances in the normal rhythm of the heart caused by altered impulse generation or conduction. Common contributors include ischemia, hypertension, electrolyte imbalance, hyperthyroidism, and drug toxicity. Antiarrhythmic…
22. ANTIHYPERLIPIDEMIC AGENTS
Antihyperlipidemic agents are drugs used to lower high levels of lipids (fats) such as cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood. These drugs work either by reducing the production of lipoproteins…
23. COAGULANTS AND ANTICOAGULANTS
Coagulation is the body’s natural process of stopping bleeding through clot formation. Drugs can either promote clotting (coagulants) or prevent clot formation (anticoagulants). These agents are widely used in surgery,…
24. ENDOCRINE
The endocrine system is a network of glands that produce hormones. These hormones act as chemical messengers and regulate many body functions such as growth, metabolism, reproduction, stress response, and…
25. HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS
Hypoglycemic agents are drugs used to lower high blood glucose levels, mainly in the treatment of diabetes mellitus—especially Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes. These drugs include insulin (parenteral) and…
26. THYROID AND ANTITHYROID AGENTS
The thyroid gland produces hormones that regulate metabolism, growth, development, and energy balance. Disorders of thyroid function include hypothyroidism (low hormone levels) and hyperthyroidism (excess hormone levels). Thyroid and antithyroid…