Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy is one of the most powerful and versatile analytical techniques used to determine the molecular structure of organic and biological compounds. NMR works on the…
Electron Spin Resonance (ESR), also known as Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR), is a spectroscopic technique used to study substances containing unpaired electrons. Unlike NMR, which focuses on nuclei, ESR detects…
Mass Spectroscopy (commonly referred to today as Mass Spectrometry) is an advanced analytical technique used to determine the molecular weight and structural features of organic and inorganic compounds. The technique…
Polarimetry is an analytical technique used to measure the optical activity of organic and inorganic compounds in solution. A substance is considered optically active if it can rotate the plane…
Introduction X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) is an essential analytical technique used to determine the atomic and molecular structure of crystalline materials. When a beam of X-rays strikes a crystal, the atoms…
Thermal analysis is a widely used physico-chemical technique that studies how the physical and chemical properties of a material change as a function of temperature. In thermal analysis, a property…