Introduction Lipid-derived autacoids are chemical mediators formed from membrane phospholipids. They include prostaglandins, thromboxanes, leukotrienes and platelet activating factor (PAF). These substances are produced on demand and play major roles…
Introduction 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), also known as serotonin, is an important chemical messenger found in the brain, gastrointestinal tract and platelets. It regulates mood, sleep, appetite, behaviour, pain, migraine and gut…
Introduction Histamine is a chemical messenger naturally present in many tissues such as skin, lungs, stomach and blood vessels. It is stored mainly in mast cells and plays an important…
Disclaimer: This page is intended solely for educational purposes as part of the Pharm.D curriculum. It discusses pharmacological agents, including oxytocin and related compounds, for academic study only. No content…
Educational Content Disclaimer:This article is for academic and educational purposes only, intended for Pharm.D students studying anatomy and physiology. It does not promote or discuss explicit content but focuses on…
Introduction Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder caused by reduced insulin secretion, reduced insulin action, or both. Insulin is essential for glucose uptake, fat storage and protein synthesis. Lack…
Introduction The thyroid gland secretes three major hormones – thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3) and calcitonin. T3 and T4 regulate metabolism, growth and development. Calcitonin helps regulate calcium levels. Low thyroid…