Mydriatics and miotics are two classes of drugs that affect the pupillary size and are widely used in ophthalmology. They play a crucial role in diagnosing and treating various eye…

CHOLINERGIC AND ANTICHOLINERGIC DRUGS AND NEUROMUSCULAR BOCKERS Cholinergic and anticholinergic drugs, along with neuromuscular blockers, are essential components of pharmacotherapy that target the cholinergic system. The cholinergic system is involved…

ADRENERGIC AND ANTI-ADRENERGIC DRUGS Adrenergic and anti-adrenergic drugs are medications that modulate the activity of the adrenergic system, which is part of the autonomic nervous system (ANS). These drugs target…

DRUGS ACTING ON ANS: The autonomic nervous system (ANS) plays a vital role in regulating involuntary bodily functions, such as heart rate, blood pressure, digestion, and respiratory rate. Drugs that…

Drug interactions occur when two or more drugs interact with each other, affecting their effectiveness or causing potential adverse effects. As patients often take multiple medications simultaneously, understanding drug interactions…

Pre-clinical evaluations play a critical role in the early stages of drug development. Before a new drug can be tested on human subjects, it undergoes a rigorous evaluation process to…

Drug toxicity refers to the harmful effects that drugs can have on the body when used inappropriately, in excessive amounts, or for prolonged periods. Understanding the different types of drug…