15. CHEMOTHERAPY OF MALARIA
Malaria is a mosquito-borne disease caused by Plasmodium species, mainly P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. malariae, P. ovale, and P. knowlesi. Because malaria parasites live inside human red blood cells…
16. CHEMOTHERAPY OF PROTOZOAL INFECTIONS (AMOEBIASIS, GIARDIASIS)
Protozoal infections like amoebiasis and giardiasis are common in areas with contaminated food and water. They affect the intestines and sometimes spread to other organs like the liver. Treatment requires…
17. PHARMACOLOGY OF ANTHELMINTIC DRUGS
Helminths (worms) commonly infect the human intestine and other body tissues, especially in areas with poor sanitation. Anthelmintic drugs are medicines used to kill or expel these worms. They act…
18. CHEMOTHERAPY OF CANCER (NEOPLASMS)
Cancer occurs when body cells grow uncontrollably and invade nearby tissues. Chemotherapy refers to medicines used to kill or slow down these cancer cells. Because cancer cells divide rapidly, most…
19. PHARMACOLOGY OF IMMUNOSUPPRESSANTS AND STIMULANTS
The immune system protects the body from infections and foreign substances. Sometimes, however, it may become overactive (as in autoimmune diseases) or needs to be intentionally suppressed (such as after…
20. PRINCIPLES OF ANIMAL TOXICOLOGY
Animal toxicology is the study of harmful effects of chemicals, drugs, and environmental substances on animals. It helps scientists understand how safe a drug is before it reaches humans. Toxicology…
21. THE DYNAMIC CELL – STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS OF CELLULAR COMPONENTS
The cell is the basic living unit of the human body. It is called a dynamic cell because it constantly performs activities such as respiration, growth, adaptation, reproduction, and communication.…