14. HORMONE REPLACEMENT THERAPY
Menopause is the permanent stoppage of menstrual periods because the ovaries lose follicular activity. Perimenopause refers to the transition period before menopause and the first year after it. HRT is…
13. ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES
Oral contraceptives (OCs) are medicines used to prevent pregnancy. They work mainly by stopping ovulation, thickening cervical mucus (to block sperm), and making the uterine lining unsuitable for implantation. They…
12. THYROID DISEASES
The thyroid is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in front of the windpipe. It produces the hormones T3 (triiodothyronine) and T4 (thyroxine), which control metabolism, heat production, and how the…
11. DIABETES MELLITUS
Diabetes Mellitus is a metabolic disorder where the level of glucose (sugar) in the blood becomes higher than normal. This happens either because the pancreas does not make enough insulin,…
10. DRUG INDUCED PULMONARY DISEASES
Drug induced pulmonary diseases are lung problems caused directly or indirectly by medicines. Any drug can cause lung injury in some people. The lung damage may be temporary or permanent…
9. CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE AIRWAYS DISEASE (COPD)
Chronic Obstructive Airways Disease (COPD) is a long-term lung condition where airflow is limited and not fully reversible. It usually gets worse over time and is linked to harmful particles…
8. ASTHMA
Asthma is a long-term inflammatory disease of the airways. The tubes that carry air in and out of the lungs become swollen, overly sensitive, and narrow easily. This narrowing causes…