The pulmonary function test (PFT) is a diagnostic tool used to assess the functioning of the respiratory system. It provides valuable information about lung capacity, airflow, and gas exchange, helping…

ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY OF HEART: The human heart is a remarkable organ that beats rhythmically, ensuring the circulation of blood throughout the body. The electrical signals responsible for coordinating the heart’s contractions…

Hyperlipidemia refers to the elevated levels of lipids (fats) in the blood, particularly cholesterol and triglycerides. It is a significant risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, including heart attacks and strokes.…

Myocardial infarction, commonly known as a heart attack, is a life-threatening condition that occurs when there is a sudden blockage of blood flow to the heart muscle. In this article,…

Angina pectoris, commonly referred to as angina, is a symptom of an underlying heart condition characterized by chest pain or discomfort. It occurs when the heart muscle doesn’t receive enough…

Congestive Cardiac Failure (CCF), also known as heart failure, is a chronic medical condition characterized by the heart’s inability to pump blood effectively. This results in fluid accumulation in various…

Hypertension, commonly known as high blood pressure, is a chronic medical condition that affects a significant portion of the global population. It is characterized by persistently elevated blood pressure levels,…