Introduction Spondylitis is a term used to describe inflammation of the spine. It encompasses various conditions that affect the vertebral column, including ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic spondylitis, and reactive spondylitis. In…

Introduction Gout is a form of arthritis that is characterized by sudden and severe attacks of pain, redness, and swelling in the joints. It is caused by the deposition of…

Introduction Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common degenerative joint disease that affects millions of people worldwide. It is characterized by the breakdown of cartilage, the cushioning tissue that covers the ends…

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease that primarily affects the joints, causing inflammation, pain, and swelling. It is characterized by the immune system mistakenly attacking the body’s own…

Gonorrhea is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae. It primarily affects the mucous membranes of the reproductive tract, but it can also infect the throat,…

Viral infections are caused by different types of viruses and can affect various organs and systems in the human body. In this article, we will explore the etiopathogenesis, or the…

HIV AND OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS Introduction Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a viral infection that attacks the immune system, specifically the CD4 cells. As HIV weakens the immune system, it makes…