22. RENAL DIALYSIS
Renal dialysis is a life-supporting treatment used when the kidneys can no longer filter waste products and excess fluid from the blood. Dialysis acts as an artificial replacement for kidney…
23. DRUG INDUCED RENAL DISORDERS
Drug Induced Renal Disorders occur when certain medications cause injury to the kidneys. The kidneys play a major role in filtering drugs and their metabolites, which makes them highly vulnerable…
24. BASIC PRINCIPLES OF CANCER THERAPY
Cancer therapy involves a combination of treatments aimed at destroying cancer cells, slowing tumor growth, and improving the patient’s survival and quality of life. Understanding the basic principles of cancer…
25. GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO CANCER CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC AGENTS
Cancer chemotherapeutic agents are drugs used to destroy cancer cells or stop their growth. These drugs mainly target rapidly dividing cells—one of the main characteristics of cancer. Chemotherapy may be…
26. CHEMOTHERAPY OF BREAST CANCER
Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers in women. Chemotherapy is used to kill cancer cells, shrink tumors, prevent recurrence, and treat cancer that has spread to other…
27. CHEMOTHERAPY OF LEUKEMIA
Leukemia is a cancer of the blood and bone marrow characterized by uncontrolled growth of abnormal white blood cells. Chemotherapy is the primary treatment for most types of leukemia and…
28. MANAGEMENT OF CHEMOTHERAPY: NAUSEA AND EMESIS
One of the most distressing side effects of cancer treatment is chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV). Proper management is essential because uncontrolled nausea can lead to dehydration, malnutrition, anxiety, and…