36. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF URINARY SYSTEM
Anatomy and Physiology of Urinary System Introduction to the Urinary System The Urinary System is responsible for filtering waste products, excess fluids, and toxins from the blood. These waste materials…
35. ANS – ANATOMY & FUNCTIONS OF SYMPATHETIC & PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) The Autonomic Nervous System, or ANS, is the involuntary part of the nervous system. It controls automatic functions of the body such as heartbeat, breathing, digestion,…
34. CRANIAL NERVES
Introduction There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves originating from nuclei in the inferior surface of the brain, some sensory, some motor, and some mixed. Their names suggest their distribution…
33. SPINAL CORD – STRUCTURE & REFLEXES
Structure of Spinal Cord The spinal cord is an elongated, cylindrical structure extending from the brain, just below the medulla oblongata. It is enclosed in the vertebral canal and surrounded…
32. THALAMUS, HYPOTHALAMUS AND BASAL GANGLIA
Anatomy and Physiology of Thalamus, Hypothalamus and Basal Ganglia Thalamus: The thalamus, measuring about 3 cm in length and comprising 80% of the diencephalon, consists of paired oval masses of…
31. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF MID BRAIN
INTRODUCTION TO MID BRAIN The mid brain (derived from the mesencephalon of the neural tube) is a vital part of the central nervous system, located below the cerebral cortex and…
30. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF CEREBELLUM
ANATOMY OF THE CEREBELLUM The cerebellum, second only to the cerebrum in size, occupies the inferior and posterior parts of the cranial cavity. It has a highly folded surface that…