Food poisoning refers to illness caused by consuming contaminated food or beverages. Contamination may result from bacteria, viruses, parasites, toxins, or chemical substances. Clinical presentation ranges from mild gastrointestinal distress…
Plant-based poisoning, particularly from toxic mushrooms and mycotoxins, is a significant public health concern. Mushrooms contain a wide range of toxins causing gastrointestinal, neurological, renal, and hepatic manifestations. Mycotoxins, produced…
Venomous snake bites are a significant medical emergency in many regions, particularly in tropical countries. Snake venom contains complex mixtures of enzymes, peptides, and toxins that can cause neurotoxic, hemotoxic,…
Chronic poisoning with heavy metals such as lead, mercury, arsenic, and cadmium occurs through occupational exposure, contaminated food or water, cosmetics, herbal medicines, and industrial pollution. These metals accumulate slowly…
Radiation poisoning, also known as acute radiation syndrome (ARS), occurs after exposure to high doses of ionizing radiation over a short period. Radiation causes cellular injury by damaging DNA, impairing…
Caustic poisoning occurs when corrosive substances such as inorganic acids or alkalis come into contact with body tissues. These agents cause severe chemical burns, leading to tissue necrosis, perforation, and…
Hydrocarbon poisoning is a common toxicological emergency, especially in children. Hydrocarbons include petroleum products such as kerosene, gasoline, diesel, turpentine, and lighter fluids, as well as polyethylene glycol (PEG) used…