39. LIVER FUNCTION TESTS
Introduction: The liver is one of the most vital organs of the human body. It performs numerous metabolic, synthetic, excretory, and protective functions essential for life. It acts as both…
38. URINARY TRACT CALCULI (STONES)
Introduction: Urinary tract calculi, commonly known as kidney stones or urolithiasis, refer to the formation of solid crystalline deposits in the kidneys or urinary tract. These stones form when certain…
37. URINE CONCENTRATION TEST
Introduction: The Urine Concentration Test is a simple and practical method to assess the tubular function of the kidneys. It measures the kidney’s ability to concentrate urine by evaluating urine…
36. TEST FOR NPN CONSTITUENTS
Introduction: Nonprotein Nitrogen (NPN) constituents refer to small nitrogen-containing compounds in blood plasma that are not part of proteins. These include urea, creatinine, uric acid, ammonia, and amino acids. Measurement…
35. URINE ANALYSIS
Introduction Urine analysis (or urinalysis) is one of the oldest and most common laboratory diagnostic tests. It provides vital information about the health of the kidneys and other organs. The…
34. THE KIDNEY FUNCTION TESTS
Introduction The kidneys are vital organs responsible for maintaining the body’s internal balance by excreting waste products, regulating fluid and electrolyte balance, and producing essential hormones. Kidney Function Tests (KFTs)…
33. INTRODUCTION TO CLINICAL CHEMISTRY
Introduction Clinical Chemistry is one of the most essential branches of medical science that helps doctors diagnose, monitor, and prevent diseases by analyzing body fluids and tissues. It contributes to…