27. DIURETICS
Diuretics are drugs that increase urine formation and promote the excretion of water and electrolytes (mainly sodium). They are widely used in the management of hypertension, kidney disorders, edema, and…
28. DIAGNOSTIC AGENTS
Diagnostic agents are chemicals used to aid in the detection, monitoring, and evaluation of diseases. They do not treat medical conditions but help visualize organs, measure physiological functions, or identify…
29. STEROIDAL HORMONES
Steroidal hormones are lipid-soluble hormones derived from cholesterol. They are produced mainly by the adrenal cortex, gonads (ovaries and testes), and placenta. Because they are lipid-soluble, they easily cross cell…
30. ADRENOCORTICOIDS
Adrenocorticoids are steroid hormones produced by the adrenal cortex. They include glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids, each having essential roles in metabolism, stress response, electrolyte balance, and inflammation control. Adrenal Cortex –…
6. LOCAL ANTI-INFECTIVE AGENTS
Local anti-infective agents are substances used on the skin, mucous membranes, or surfaces to destroy or inhibit harmful microorganisms. They include antiseptics, disinfectants, and other chemicals used to reduce infection…
5. CONCEPT OF ANTISENSE MOLECULES
Concept of Antisense Molecules Antisense technology is a modern approach used to block the production of specific proteins by interfering with the natural process of gene expression. It works by…
4. COMPUTER AIDED DRUG DESIGN (CADD)
Computer Aided Drug Design (CADD) refers to the use of computational tools to discover, design, and optimize new drug molecules. Instead of depending only on trial-and-error laboratory experiments, CADD helps…