8. KINETICS OF SECOND AND FIRST ORDER REACTION
Kinetics of First and Second Order Reactions In organic chemistry, many reactions happen at different speeds. Some reactions finish very fast, while some take more time. The study of the…
9. MECHANISM AND KINETICS OF SN2 REACTIONS
Mechanism and Kinetics of SN2 Reactions The SN2 reaction is a second-order nucleophilic substitution reaction. The name SN2 stands for Substitution Nucleophilic Bimolecular, meaning the rate of the reaction depends…
10. MECHANISM AND KINETICS OF SN1 REACTIONS
Mechanism and Kinetics of SN1 Reactions The SN1 reaction is a type of nucleophilic substitution reaction. It follows first-order kinetics, meaning the reaction rate depends only on the concentration of…
11. Dehydrohalogenation of alkyl halides – 1,2 elimination, kinetics, E2 and E1
Dehydrohalogenation of Alkyl Halides – 1,2 Elimination, E2 and E1 In organic chemistry, alkyl halides can undergo elimination reactions. These reactions remove two groups from a molecule and form a…
12. Evidence for E2 mechanism, absence of rearrangement isotope effect, absence hydrogen exchange, the element effect, orientation and reactivity
Evidence for the E2 Mechanism E2 is a one-step elimination reaction where the base removes a β-hydrogen at the same time the leaving group leaves. Because everything happens in a…
13. E2 VERSUS E1, ELIMINATION VERSUS SUBSTITUTION
E2 VERSUS E1, ELIMINATION VERSUS SUBSTITUTION – Introduction In many organic reactions, substitution and elimination can happen at the same time. To get the correct product in synthesis, we must…
14. DEHYDRATION OF ALCOHOL, EASE OF DEHYDRATION, ACID CATALYSIS, REVERSIBILITY, ORIENTATION
Dehydration of Alcohols Dehydration means removing a molecule of water from an alcohol. When an alcohol is heated with a strong acid (like concentrated H2SO4) it loses water and forms…