36. WILLIAMSON SYNTHESIS
Williamson Synthesis The Williamson Ether Synthesis is an important reaction in organic chemistry used to prepare simple and mixed ethers. It involves reacting an alkoxide (or phenoxide) with an alkyl…
37. FRIES REARRANGEMENT
Fries Rearrangement The Fries rearrangement is an organic reaction where phenolic esters are heated with a Lewis acid such as anhydrous aluminium chloride (AlCl3). This causes the acyl group of…
38. KOLBE REACTION
Introduction The Kolbe Reaction, also known as the Kolbe–Schmitt reaction, is an important organic reaction used to prepare aromatic hydroxy acids. In this reaction, a phenoxide ion reacts with carbon…
39. REIMER TIEMANS REACTION
Reimer Tieman Reaction The Reimer–Tiemann reaction is a classic organic reaction used to convert phenols into hydroxy aldehydes. This happens when phenols react with chloroform (CHCl₃) in the presence of…
40. NUCLEOPHILIC AROMATIC SUBSTITUTION
NUCLEOPHILIC AROMATIC SUBSTITUTION Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution (NAS) is a reaction where a nucleophile replaces a leaving group on an aromatic ring. In simple terms, a nucleophile (electron-rich species) attacks the…
41. BIMOLECULAR DISPLACEMENT MECHANISMS, ORIENTATION, ALIPHATIC VS AROMATIC NUCLEOPHILIC SUBSTITUTION
Bimolecular Displacement Mechanisms, Orientation, Aliphatic vs Aromatic Nucleophilic Substitution Aryl halides are aromatic compounds where a halogen atom is directly attached to the benzene ring. Their general formula is Ar–X.…
42. OXIDATION REDUCTION REACTION
Oxidation Reduction Reaction in Organic Chemistry In inorganic chemistry, oxidation means losing electrons, and reduction means gaining electrons. But in organic chemistry, the meaning is slightly different: Oxidation is written…