Calculations Involving Allegation, Proof Spirit, and Isotonic Solutions Calculations Involving Allegation: Allegation is used to calculate the proportions when mixing two solutions of different strengths to achieve a desired intermediate…
Powders and Granules Powders: Pharmaceutical powders are mixtures of finely divided drugs and/or chemicals in dry form, available in crystalline or amorphous states. Particle size affects the dissolution, absorption, and…
Monophasic Dosage Forms Monophasic liquid dosage forms consist of a single homogeneous phase, such as true or colloidal solutions, with aqueous or non-aqueous solvents. They are commonly used for patients…
Biphasic Dosage Forms Emulsions: An emulsion is a liquid preparation containing two immiscible liquids, where one is dispersed as globules (dispersed/internal phase) in the other (continuous/external phase). Droplet size ranges…
Suppositories and Pessaries Introduction to Suppositories: Suppositories are solid medicated dosage forms intended for insertion into body cavities other than the mouth, such as rectum, vagina, and urethra, for local…
Galenicals Introduction: Extraction is the process of removing active constituents from plant or animal tissues using a liquid solvent known as the menstruum. The leftover insoluble material is called the…
Surgical Aids Introduction: Surgical aids are materials and devices used during surgical procedures to assist in wound healing, protection, and patient care. They include sutures, dressings, drains, catheters, and other…
