32. DNA REPAIR MECHANISM
Introduction: DNA repair is a vital cellular process that ensures genetic stability by correcting damage caused by replication errors, radiation, or chemical agents. Without proper repair, such damage could lead…
31. DNA REPLICATION
Introduction The process of DNA replication is one of the most fundamental events in molecular biology. It ensures that every cell receives an exact copy of the genetic information during…
30. MUTATION AND REPAIR MECHANISM
Introduction Mutation refers to a permanent change in the DNA sequence of a gene. Although DNA is highly stable, occasional errors can occur during replication or due to exposure to…
29. GENETIC CODE AND INHIBITION OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
Genetic Code: The genetic code is the set of instructions stored in messenger RNA (mRNA) that guides the synthesis of proteins in the body. It tells the ribosomes which amino…
28. PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
Introduction: Protein synthesis is one of the most vital biological processes, where cells produce new proteins based on the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). This process is known…
27. METABOLISM OF PYRIMIDINE NUCLEOTIDES
Introduction: Pyrimidine nucleotides are essential components of nucleic acids like DNA and RNA. The major pyrimidine nucleotides include: Unlike purine nucleotide synthesis, in pyrimidine nucleotide metabolism the six-membered pyrimidine ring…
26. METABOLISM OF PURINE NUCLEOTIDES
Introduction: Purine nucleotides play an essential role in cell growth, division, and the synthesis of DNA and RNA. Deoxyribonucleotides are used for DNA synthesis, while ribonucleotides are used for RNA…