Introduction: Beta oxidation (β-oxidation) is the primary pathway for the degradation of fatty acids in the body. This process occurs inside the mitochondrial matrix, where acyl-CoA molecules are systematically broken…
Introduction: In a healthy adult, the normal blood glucose concentration ranges between 70–99 mg/dL (fasting) and rises up to 140 mg/dL after meals (postprandial). Even slight deviations from this normal…
Introduction Glucose and Galactose Tolerance Tests are biochemical diagnostic tests that assess the body’s ability to metabolize specific sugars. These tests help evaluate carbohydrate metabolism and liver function in both…
Introduction: Metabolic disorders of carbohydrate metabolism are a group of hereditary conditions caused by defects in enzymes responsible for carbohydrate breakdown or utilization. These disorders prevent the normal processing of…
Introduction Gluconeogenesis is the biochemical process through which glucose is synthesized from non-carbohydrate precursors such as lactate, glycerol, and glucogenic amino acids. It is essentially the reverse of glycolysis but…
Glycogenesis and Glycogenolysis Introduction to Glycogenesis: Glycogenesis is the process of synthesizing glycogen from glucose molecules, primarily occurring in the cytosol of liver and muscle cells. This energy-consuming pathway requires…
HMP Shunt (Pentose Phosphate Pathway) The HMP shunt, also known as the pentose phosphate pathway or hexose monophosphate shunt, is an alternative glucose oxidation pathway occurring in the cytosol. This…