43. PANCREAS AND GONADS
Pancreas: Structure and Location The pancreas is located in the abdominal cavity, behind and slightly below the stomach, between the duodenum and spleen. It is both an exocrine and endocrine…
42. THYROID AND PARATHYROID GLANDS
Structure of Thyroid Gland: The thyroid gland is situated in the neck in front of the larynx and trachea at the level of the 5th, 6th, and 7th cervical and…
41. ADRENAL GLAND
Introduction: The two adrenal (suprarenal) glands are small endocrine glands located on the upper poles of each kidney, enclosed within the renal fascia. Each gland is about 4 cm long…
40. PITUITARY GLAND
Pituitary Gland The pituitary gland (hypophysis) is a small but vital endocrine gland located beneath the brain in the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone. It is connected to the…
39. CLEARANCE TESTS AND MICTURITION
Clearance Tests and Micturition Clearance Tests Clearance of a substance may be defined as the volume of blood or plasma that is completely cleared of that substance per minute through…
38. RENIN ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM – JUXTAGLOMERULAR APPARATUS – ACID BASE BALANCE
Renin Angiotensin System – Juxtaglomerular Apparatus – Acid Base Balance Renin Angiotensin System (RAS) The Renin-Angiotensin System (RAS) plays a crucial role in regulating blood pressure, blood volume, and sodium-water…
37. FORMATION OF URINE
Formation of Urine Introduction: The formation of urine is one of the most vital functions of the kidneys, carried out by nephrons and collecting ducts. It involves three primary physiological…