25. RNA PROCESSING, PROTEIN SYNTHESIS, AND GENE REGULATION
DNA carries the instructions for life, but it cannot leave the nucleus. RNA acts as the messenger that carries these instructions to the cytoplasm, where proteins are made. Before RNA…
24. TRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS
Transcription is the first major step in gene expression. It is the process where the DNA sequence of a gene is copied into messenger RNA (mRNA). This mRNA later guides…
23. GENE EXPRESSION
Gene expression is the process through which the information in DNA is converted into a functional product, usually a protein. Not all genes are active at the same time. Depending…
22. GENE STRUCTURE
A gene is a specific segment of DNA that carries instructions for making a particular protein or functional RNA. Understanding gene structure is essential for learning how traits are inherited,…
21. THE DYNAMIC CELL – STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS OF CELLULAR COMPONENTS
The cell is the basic living unit of the human body. It is called a dynamic cell because it constantly performs activities such as respiration, growth, adaptation, reproduction, and communication.…
20. PRINCIPLES OF ANIMAL TOXICOLOGY
Animal toxicology is the study of harmful effects of chemicals, drugs, and environmental substances on animals. It helps scientists understand how safe a drug is before it reaches humans. Toxicology…
1. ANTICOAGULANTS
Anticoagulants are medicines that help prevent unwanted blood clots. Blood normally clots to stop bleeding, but sometimes clots form inside blood vessels, blocking blood flow. This can cause serious problems…
